Explain clickjacking and session hijacking.

Clickjacking: Clickjacking is a deceptive technique used by attackers to trick users into clicking on something different from what they perceive they are clicking on, potentially leading to unintended actions. In a clickjacking attack, the attacker overlays a malicious webpage or element (such as a button) on top of a legitimate webpage or element, making it seem like the user is interacting with the legitimate content when they are actually interacting with the hidden, malicious content.

For example, a user might think they are clicking on a harmless button or link on a website, but in reality, they are clicking on a button that performs a malicious action such as transferring funds, downloading malware, or sharing sensitive information. Clickjacking can be used for various malicious purposes, including stealing sensitive data, spreading malware, or gaining unauthorized access to accounts.

Preventing clickjacking typically involves implementing security measures such as frame-busting scripts, X-Frame-Options headers, and Content Security Policy (CSP) directives to prevent malicious websites from embedding legitimate content within frames or iframes.

Session Hijacking: Session hijacking is a type of cyber attack where an attacker takes control of a user’s active session on a web application or service. Sessions are used to maintain stateful information between a user and a web application, typically through the use of session tokens or cookies. During a session hijacking attack, the attacker intercepts or steals the session token or cookie of a legitimate user and uses it to impersonate the user and gain unauthorized access to their account.

Session hijacking can occur through various means, including:

1. Network Sniffing: The attacker monitors network traffic to intercept the session token or cookie as it is transmitted between the user’s device and the web server.
2. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS): The attacker injects malicious scripts into a vulnerable website, allowing them to steal session tokens or cookies from other users who visit the compromised site.
3. Session Fixation: The attacker sets or fixes the session token or cookie value for a victim user, allowing them to hijack the user’s session once the user logs in.

To prevent session hijacking, web applications should implement security measures such as:

• Using secure HTTPS connections to encrypt data transmitted between the user’s device and the web server.
• Implementing mechanisms for securely generating, transmitting, and validating session tokens or cookies.
• Implementing measures such as CSRF tokens and secure session management practices to mitigate the risk of CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) attacks, which can be used in conjunction with session hijacking.
• Regularly auditing and monitoring for suspicious activity or unauthorized access to user accounts.+