How an actual (practical) transformer differs from an ideal transformer?
Q.1 (c) How an actual (practical) transformer differs from an ideal transformer?
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| Ideal transformer | Practical (actual) transformer |
|---|---|
| Windings have zero resistance, so no copper (I²R) loss. | Windings have resistance R1, R2; copper losses occur and there is resistive voltage drop. |
| No leakage flux; all flux links both windings (zero leakage reactance). | Some flux links only one winding (leakage flux), giving leakage reactances X1, X2 and reactive drops. |
| Core has infinite permeability and no hysteresis/eddy loss; zero magnetising current. | Core has iron losses (hysteresis + eddy current) and needs a no-load current I0 (Iμ magnetising + Iw loss component). |
| Efficiency 100%; V2/V1 = N2/N1 exactly at all loads; zero regulation. | Efficiency 95 to 99%; terminal voltage changes with load (non-zero voltage regulation); V2/V1 only approximately equals N2/N1. |
The practical transformer is represented by an ideal transformer plus R1, X1, R2, X2 in series and R0 ∥ X0 (no-load branch) in shunt (equivalent circuit).
Doubtly AI
· 25 Oct 2026
AI-verified · Oct 2026
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