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Answer: A process is spontaneous when the total entropy change of the system and surroundings is positive: \(\Delta S_{total} = \Delta S_{sys} + \Delta S_{surr} \gt 0\).

If \(\Delta S_{total} \lt 0\) the process is non-spontaneous, and if \(\Delta S_{total} = 0\) the system is at equilibrium.

Doubtly AI · 29 Oct 2026 AI-verified · Nov 2026 Report
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