In the equation GPP-R=NPPR represents :

1. Radiant energy

2. Retardation factor

3. Environment factor

4. Respiration losses

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Answer: 4. Respiration losses

Net primary productivity is gross primary productivity minus the energy used by plants in respiration.

So \(NPP = GPP - R\), where R stands for respiration losses. The other options are not terms in this equation.

Doubtly AI · 30 Oct 2026 AI-generated · not yet verified Report

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